Download Free eBook on Physical Modeling in MATLAB

Most books that use MATLAB are aimed at readers who know how to program. “Physical Modeling in MATLAB” is an introductory textbook for people who have not programmed before. It covers basic MATLAB programming with emphasis on modeling and simulation of physical systems. You can download this free book as a pdf file or read it online.

Description

Written for beginners, this book provides an introduction to programming in MATLAB and simulation of physical systems. The book begins with scalar values and gradually works up to vectors and matrices. Topics covered include variables and values, scripts, loops, ordinary differential equations, vectors, and functions. MATLAB is used throughout the book to solve many end-of-chapter exercises. Most books that use MATLAB are aimed at readers who know how to program. This book is for people who have never programmed before.

Table of Contents

• Variables and values
• Scripts
• Loops
• Vectors
• Functions
• Zero-finding
• Functions of vectors
• Ordinary Differential Equations
• Systems of ODEs
• Second-order systems
• Optimization and Interpolation
• Vectors as vectors

Book Details

Author(s): Allen B. Downey
Format(s): PDF, HTML
File size: 806 KB
Number of pages: 155
Link: Download.

Most books that use MATLAB are aimed at readers who know how to program. “Physical Modeling in MATLAB” is an introductory textbook for people who have not programmed before. It covers basic MATLAB programming with emphasis on modeling and simulation of physical systems. You can download this free book as a pdf file or read it online.
Description

Written for beginners, this book provides an introduction to programming in MATLAB and simulation of physical systems. The book begins with scalar values and gradually works up to vectors and matrices. Topics covered include variables and values, scripts, loops, ordinary differential equations, vectors, and functions. MATLAB is used throughout the book to solve many end-of-chapter exercises. Most books that use MATLAB are aimed at readers who know how to program. This book is for people who have never programmed before.

Table of Contents

• Variables and values
• Scripts
• Loops
• Vectors
• Functions
• Zero-finding
• Functions of vectors
• Ordinary Differential Equations
• Systems of ODEs
• Second-order systems
• Optimization and Interpolation
• Vectors as vectors

Book Details

Author(s): Allen B. Downey
Format(s): PDF, HTML
File size: 806 KB
Number of pages: 155
Link: Download.

- See more at: http://www.onlineprogrammingbooks.com/free-matlab-book-physical-modeling-in-matlab/#sthash.7MnnhVPW.dpuf

The top 10 interview questions

The top 10 interview questions

You should make sure you think very carefully through your answers to all these questions before getting anywhere near an interview room.


You are absolutely certain to get asked at least some of these questions (or variations of them), if not the whole lot.

We’ll look at them one by one, alongside possible alternatives and other closely related questions.

We’ll analyse the interviewer’s intentions in asking you the question – the meaning behind the question – Click on each questions to find how best you can answer it.

1.    Can you tell me a bit about yourself?
2.    Why have you applied for this vacancy?
3.    Why do you wish to leave your current position?
4.    Why do you want to work for this organisation?
5.    What are your strengths?
6.    What are your weaknesses?
7.    What has been your greatest achievement/accomplishment?
8.    What can you, above all the other applicants, bring to this job?
9.    Where do you see yourself in five years’ time?
10.    You’ve mentioned x under the Interests & Activities on your CV. Can you tell me a bit more about that?

Can you tell me a bit about yourself?

Can you tell me a bit about yourself?

Alternative and related questions
Can you talk me through your CV?

The meaning behind the question

This is, of course, an extremely popular question – and is just the kind an interviewer might throw at you at the beginning of an interview so as to get the ball rolling. They are quite simply placing you centre stage and hoping you will open up to them. Alternatively, they’re hopelessly overworked, haven’t yet had time to read your CV – and asking you this question will buy them some breathing space!

Your answer

This is a very broad question – and you might consequently be at a loss as to the approach you should take to answering it.

They’re not asking for an autobiography. Focus on discussing major selling points that feature on your CV or application form – selling points which are directly relevant to the job for which you are applying. Don’t start telling them your whole life history.

Whilst they do want you to open up to them and paint a picture of yourself, you’re not on the psychiatrist’s couch here. Keep it professional and avoid getting too personal.

Besides talking about your career, make sure you have something to say about your education and qualifications – and even your hobbies and interests.

It’s vital to practise your answer for this in advance – and to try to limit your answer to one minute. If you can’t successfully ‘pitch’ yourself in under a minute then you’re going to risk losing the interviewer’s attention.

How have you described yourself in the ‘Professional Profile’ at the top of your CV? A lot of this material can be recycled to help you draft your answer to this question.

EXAMPLE

I’m a highly driven individual with extensive management experience acquired principally in the aviation sector. Following completion of my degree in International Business (which included a couple of years in Germany) I started my career in administration and have worked my way up to become an export sales manager. I believe I combine a high level of commercial awareness with a commitment to customer care – which helps me to achieve profitable growth in a competitive market. I enjoy being part of, as well as managing, motivating, training and developing, a successful and productive team and I thrive in highly pressurised and challenging working environments. I have strong IT skills, I’m fluent in German and I’m also a qualified first aider. In my spare time I undertake a wide range of activities; I’m particularly keen on squash and I am also currently working towards my private pilot licence.

Why have you applied for this vacancy?

Why have you applied for this vacancy?

Alternative and related questions

Why do you want this vacancy?
What attracted you to this vacancy?
Why do you think you’re suitable for this job?
What is it that you are looking for in a new job?

The meaning behind the question

The interviewer is probing to see:
•    if you fully understand what the job entails;
•    how well you might match their requirements;
•    what appeals to you most about the job.

Your answer

This is another very open-ended question where you might be tempted to say too much. By taking the time to think through your answer to this question in advance, you will be able to remain focused on a few key points.

Your emphasis should be on demonstrating to the interviewer precisely how you match their requirements – and, in doing so, to demonstrate that you fully understand what the role entails.
If you’ve done your research properly then you will have a good idea of what it is they are most looking for.

Yes, they have asked you what your motivations are in applying for the vacancy, but try to turn the question round so that the answer you give tells them why you are the right candidate for the vacancy.

EXAMPLE

I’ve applied for this vacancy because it’s an excellent match for my skills and experience – and because it represents a challenge which I know I’ll relish. I clearly already have extensive experience as a senior quantity surveyor, including previous experience of rail and station projects – an area I’m particularly interested in. I enjoy managing multiple projects simultaneously. I also enjoy overseeing and coaching junior and assistant quantity surveyors. I’m used to dealing directly with clients; developing productive working relationships with clients is definitely one of my strengths. This role is exactly the sort of role I am currently targeting and I am confident I will be able to make a major contribution.

Why do you wish to leave your current position?

Why do you wish to leave your current position?

Alternative and related questions

Why do you wish to leave your current employer?
What do you plan to say to your current employer in your letter of resignation?

The meaning behind the question

The interviewer is trying to understand your motivation to change jobs. They clearly want to know why you want to change jobs but they also want to know how serious you are about changing jobs. Are you really committed to moving or are you just wasting their time?

Your answer

There are a whole multitude of reasons for wanting to leave your job – but they won’t all be positive selling points for you.

Positive reasons include:

•    wanting a greater challenge;
•    wanting to diversify;
•    seeking greater opportunities;
•    seeking further advancement;
•    taking a step up the career ladder.

Negative reasons include:

•    problems with your boss;
•    problems with a colleague;
•    a financially unstable organisation;
•    ‘personal reasons’.

If your reason for wanting to leave your job is a positive one then your answer will be easy enough to construct. Explain to the interviewer what your motivations are and how the move to your next job will help you to achieve your goals. You are making a positive move for positive reasons and intend to achieve a positive outcome – simple as that.

If, however, your reason for leaving your job is in my list of negative reasons, then giving the right answer is going to be somewhat trickier. Because each of the situations is so different, I will deal with each of them in turn.

Problems with your boss: Having problems with the boss is the top reason people give (in surveys) for changing jobs. However, you should never say anything negative about either a current or a previous employer. It isn’t professional; it doesn’t portray you as someone who is particularly loyal – and it will reflect badly on you.

In almost all cases, I would recommend that you avoid citing this as a reason. Criticising your current employer is considered one of the top mistakes you can make at interview and will most likely cost you the job regardless of whether or not your criticism is justified. Aim to give an answer which focuses on the benefits you will experience in moving to your new job rather than making any reference to your having had problems with your boss.

BLOOPER!

Having delivered a particularly devastating critique of their current employer, one candidate was rather shocked to discover that their current employer was in fact the interviewer’s brother-in-law.
Problems with a colleague: Maybe you want to leave because of a persistently unpleasant colleague. However, explaining this to the interviewer will most likely open you up to expressing bitterness or recrimination – traits that are not attractive to a potential employer. Again, you should aim to give an answer which focuses on the benefits of moving to your new job, rather than drawing attention to your problems.

A financially unstable organisation: You may well have decided to leave your job before your employer finally goes bankrupt, but you don’t want to be labelled as a ‘rat leaving a sinking ship’. It doesn’t say much for your loyalty. Avoid giving this as a reason.

‘Personal reasons’: There are many different personal circumstances which might cause you to wish to leave a job – for example, you might simply want a better work–life balance. However, if possible you should avoid giving ‘personal reasons’ as an answer and instead leave the interviewer to believe you are leaving in order to pursue a more promising opportunity.

As for asking what you would write in a resignation letter, you should remember that, when it comes to resignation letters, it is well worth being as nice as possible about the matter. Harsh words in a letter of resignation could easily come back to haunt you in the future – not least if you ever need a reference out of that employer.

EXAMPLE

I would simply tell them that, after careful consideration, I have made the decision to move on to a new challenge. Naturally, I’d thank them for the opportunities with which they presented me during the course of my employment, reassure them that I will, of course, do my best to help ensure the seamless transfer of my duties and responsibilities before leaving – and wish them all the very best for the future.

Why do you want to work for this organisation?

Why do you want to work for this organisation?

Alternative and related questions

What is it about our organisation that attracts you?

The meaning behind the question

The interviewer is analysing your motivations and probing your expectations of their organisation. Why do you want to work for them in particular? Whilst this question doesn’t directly ask what you know about their organisation, in order to be able to answer it effectively you are clearly going to have to demonstrate that you have done your homework.

Your answer

If you have done your research properly you will already be fairly well informed as to the organisation you are applying to join. However, the key to answering this question is how to communicate that knowledge to the interviewer whilst tying it in with why you want to work for them.

BLOOPER!

One interviewee answered this question by saying, ‘Because you’re in Mayfair.’ He didn’t get the job.

Your focus should be on what in particular attracts you to their organisation. We’ll cover the closely related but more generalised question, ‘What do you know about us as an organisation?’ in the next chapter.

EXAMPLE

I’m particularly attracted by how progressive an organisation you are. I’ve seen how your sales levels have grown the past few years and I’m aware of your plans to expand into the United States. Yours is an organisation which is rapidly developing and evolving – and that’s exactly what I’m looking for. I want to work for an organisation which is forward-thinking and isn’t afraid to tackle new challenges.

What are your strengths?

What are your strengths?

Alternative and related questions
What are you good at?
What do you consider yourself to be good at?
The meaning behind the question

With this question the interviewer wants to achieve the following:
•    Identify what your key selling points are.
•    Establish whether or not these strengths are relevant to the role they are interviewing for.
•    Gain some insight into your character – how self-confident (or arrogant) you are.

Your answer

Everyone has their strengths. The key to answering this question is not to rattle off a long list of what you consider your strengths to be. Instead you should highlight a smaller number of specific strengths which will be most appealing to the company. Discuss each one briefly and, most importantly, identify how these strengths relate to the requirements of the job you are applying to undertake. You can even elaborate on one of your strengths by mentioning a specific relevant achievement.

Choose your strengths carefully. It can be hard to say anything very interesting, for example, about the fact that you are very meticulous and pay great attention to detail. However, if the recruiter is looking for someone to lead a team then you can mention team leadership as one of your strengths – and cite an appropriate example or achievement.

EXAMPLE

I believe my key strength is that I combine experience of traditional film production with extensive experience in the online arena. I’m very aware of current trends in new media and am able to demonstrate excellent creative judgement. I’m also very good at juggling multiple projects simultaneously; in my current role I frequently have as many as half a dozen different projects on the go at any one time – and I’m committed to completing them all on time and on budget. This clearly requires extremely strong project management skills.

Word of warning

If you don’t give the interviewer at least one specific example to back up your statement then be prepared for them to ask you for one.

What are your weaknesses?

What are your weaknesses?

Alternative and related questions

What are you not good at doing?
What do you find difficult to do and why?
In what areas do you feel you need to improve?

The meaning behind the question

With questions of this kind the interviewer wants to achieve the following:
•    Identify any weakness which might actually be detrimental to your ability to undertake the role.
•    See how you react when faced with a somewhat tricky question.
•    Assess how self-aware you are and how you define weakness.

Your answer

Some might consider this to qualify as a tough interview question. But believe me – there are much tougher questions than this! I would only classify this question as ‘tricky’ rather than tough. Whilst it is superficially a somewhat negative question it is in fact full of opportunities for you to turn it round to your advantage and make your answer a positive point.

Don’t be perturbed by the question or let it throw you off balance. Your answer should be right on the tip of your tongue – because we will work on it right now. The first thing to make clear is that you should only ever discuss a ‘professional’ weakness, unless the interviewer specifically requests otherwise (unlikely).

Your first thought might be that you are tempted to say quite simply, ‘I don’t really have any particular weaknesses.’ But this is definitely not the answer the interviewer is looking for – and is definitely not the answer you should be giving them.

BLOOPER!

Telling the interviewer your weakness is ‘Kryptonite’ – as one candidate did – is unlikely to amuse an interviewer…

The interviewer wants to know that you are able to look at yourself objectively and criticise yourself where appropriate. If you honestly don’t think you have any weaknesses then you risk coming across as arrogant if you say so – and nobody wants a perfect candidate anyway.

Clearly you don’t just want to come up with a straightforward list of what you consider your weaknesses to be. You basically have two choices:

•    Talk about a weakness that’s not necessarily a weakness at all.
•    Talk about a weakness that you turned (or can turn) into a strength.

The problem with the first option is that you risk running into serious cliché territory. I’m talking about the kind of people who answer:

I would have to say that my main weakness is that I’m a perfectionist.

I have a reputation for working too hard; I often push myself far too hard in my work.
You risk sounding like you plucked your answer straight out of a 1990s manual on interview technique.

Personally, I prefer the second option: Talk about a weakness that you turned (or are turning) into a strength.

You are answering the interviewer’s question by highlighting a definite weakness, but you then go on to reflect positively on this by outlining the active steps you have taken or are taking to overcome it. You are demonstrating a willingness to learn, adapt and improve and you are demonstrating that you have the initiative required to make changes where changes are due.

Choosing a weakness that has its root in lack of experience and therefore has been (or is being) overcome by further training is ideal because it is a weakness that is relatively easily resolved.

EXAMPLE

When I first started my current job my first few months were an uphill battle dealing with a backlog of work I inherited from my predecessor. I recognised that I have a weakness when it comes to time management. I have since been on a time management course, read a couple of books on the subject and I believe I’ve made a lot of progress. But it’s something I’m still very vigilant of. I make a concerted effort to apply the principles I’ve learned every day and to put in place procedures which enable me to most effectively prioritise and process my workload.

This is a good and comprehensive answer meeting all of the objectives we’ve outlined above.

Word of warning

Do be prepared for the interviewer to ask the follow-up question, ‘OK. That’s one weakness. You must surely have more than one weakness?’

What has been your greatest achievement/accomplishment?

What has been your greatest achievement/accomplishment?

Alternative and related questions

What are your biggest achievements?
What are you most proud of?
What was your biggest achievement in your current/last job?
What has been the high point of your career so far?

The meaning behind the question

Unless they qualify the question by specifically mentioning, for example, your last job, it is important to remember that the interviewer isn’t necessarily looking for a work-related achievement. They are looking for evidence of achievement, full stop. However, a work-related achievement is normally what they’ll be expecting.

Your answer

You’ll want to make sure you have thought through this question carefully before the interview and have selected both a key professional achievement as well as a key personal achievement; cover both bases.

Try not to go too far back; try to pick a recent achievement. If you’ve included an ‘Achievements’ section in your CV (which I would recommend you do) then this will be a good starting point for you to generate ideas.

Describe clearly to the interviewer:
•    what it is that you achieved;
•    what the background and circumstances were;
•    what impact it had on your career/life.

What was the benefit? Try to phrase this in such a way for it to be self-evident that this would also be a benefit to any prospective employer.

EXAMPLE

My greatest achievement so far in my career would probably be winning the Manager of the Year award last year. I made numerous operational changes at my branch, including a massive reduction in stock levels – which significantly boosted our working capital. I also drove up sales levels, especially by increasing the uptake of after-sales insurance packages. The net effect was that we smashed the previous branch sales record by an impressive 37 per cent – and profits rose in line with this. This directly resulted in my promotion to the management of the flagship Edinburgh branch.

What can you, above all the other applicants, bring to this job?

What can you, above all the other applicants, bring to this job?

Alternative and related questions

What makes you the best candidate for this job?

The meaning behind the question

The interviewer is directly asking you what your ‘unique selling point’ is. They’re looking for at least one significant reason that you should be their No. 1 choice for the job.

Your answer

Well, what does make you the best candidate for this job?

I’ll level with you – this isn’t necessarily a top 10 question in terms of how likely you are to get asked it. However, it is very much a top 10 question in terms of the importance of your having prepared an answer to it. You need to go into each and every interview with a thorough understanding of what it is that you have to offer. If you don’t know what it is that you’re offering then how can you hope to be able to sell it effectively?

If you do get asked this specific question then don’t be afraid to answer it quite candidly. It’s a bold question and warrants a bold answer. The interviewer is really putting you on the spot to sell yourself. But do be very careful to avoid coming across as arrogant – because that’s the last thing you want to do. It’s a fine line you need to tread.

Feel free to cite an example from your past where you demonstrated that you are someone who is capable of going the extra mile. It’s all very well to say that you’re someone who gives 110 per cent (although it is a bit of a cliché) but if you can actually throw an example at your interviewer then you’re going to be a whole lot more credible.

BLOOPER!

One ex-army candidate for a management role replied, ‘I can shoot someone at 300 yards.’ What is more amazing is that they actually got the job! This is a rare example of a sense of humour working to the candidate’s advantage.

EXAMPLE

Having now been working in this industry for over a decade, I have developed successful relationships with key decision makers in numerous companies, enabling me to achieve a sales conversion rate much higher than average. This is undoubtedly a very challenging role, requiring considerable drive and determination, but I believe my previous sales record is clear evidence that I am more than capable of achieving what it is that you need.

Where do you see yourself in five years’ time?

Alternative and related questions

How long do you plan to stay/would you stay in this job if we offer it to you?
What are your long-term career goals?
How does this job fit into your long-term career plans?
How far do you feel you might rise in our organisation?

The meaning behind the question

The interviewer is trying to ascertain what your long-term career ambitions are. They want to get a better understanding of your motivations. They will normally be looking for someone who is keen to learn, develop and progress. However, they are recruiting for a specific role and they will want someone who is prepared to commit to that role for a reasonable period of time.

You may think this question is just a cliché and doesn’t really get asked in practice. Trust me – it does – and far more frequently than you might imagine.

Your answer

Yes, lots of people will think they’re displaying a great sense of humour/ambition/self-confidence to reply, ‘Doing your job!’ I wouldn’t recommend it, though – because it will all too easily come across as arrogant and aggressive.

Avoid being too specific. It’s very difficult for most people to know exactly what job they will be undertaking in five years’ time and so it can come across as unrealistic to quote a specific job title you are aiming for. Try to present your answer more in terms of what level you hope you will have reached – what level of responsibility, of autonomy. It’s also a good idea if you can phrase your answer to communicate that you hope you will still be with this same organisation in five years’ time.

EXAMPLE

Five years from now I expect I will have progressed significantly in my career and be making an even greater contribution. Having proved my value to the organisation I would hope to have been given increased responsibilities and greater challenges. I’ve clearly given a good deal of thought to working for you and I can see that there are indeed a lot of opportunities both for promotion and for ongoing professional development. My career is very important to me and I want to push myself hard to deliver the very best of which I’m capable.

You’ve mentioned x under the Interests & Activities on your CV. Can you tell me a bit more about that?

You’ve mentioned x under the Interests & Activities on your CV. Can you tell me a bit more about that?

Alternative and related questions

What activities do you enjoy outside work?
What are you interested in outside work?
The meaning behind the question

There are a variety of possible reasons an interviewer might ask this question:

•    They’re trying to get some insight into your personality and character.
•    They’re testing to see how truthful you’ve been on your CV.
•    They’ve run out of other questions and are killing time!

Besides knowing whether you’re capable of actually doing the job, most employers are keen to know what sort of a person you would be like to work alongside. Employers are generally keen to have a diversity of characters within their team and are always on the lookout for someone who can add a new dimension to the team.

Whilst nobody has yet conducted a survey specifically to research this, there is plenty of anecdotal evidence of recruiters deciding to call someone in for an interview purely as a result of what they’ve included on their CV under Interests & Activities. I, for one, will admit to having done so when hiring.

Your answer

This is a very simple question to answer – provided, as always, that you’ve prepared for it in advance. If you have a hobby that makes for an interesting talking point at the interview then it will reflect positively on you as an individual.

You should, of course, be able to back up anything you’ve listed on your CV. If you mention chess to give your CV some intellectual clout, but haven’t actually played since your were at school, then you could well come a cropper in your interview if your interviewer turns out to be a chess fan and asks you which openings to the game you favour.

It’s always a good idea if you can subtly slip in mention of any positions of responsibility you hold outside work. If your passion is, for example, football, and you’re also the captain of the local team then do say so.

Besides the obvious selling point of football being a team activity (and hence your being a ‘team player’), you’ve immediately communicated your leadership qualities, your ability to take responsibility for others, your ability to commit yourself to a project, etc.

EXAMPLE

I’ve always been fascinated by planes. I remember my first flight as a child; it was a thrilling experience. Even though I understand the science behind it, I’m still in awe each and every time I see a plane clear the runway. It’s quite an expensive hobby to pursue but, as soon as I could afford to do so, I started taking flying lessons. I gained my private pilot licence, went on to qualify as an instructor and I’m now a senior member of my local flying club. Whilst it’s not something I’ve ever wished to pursue as a career, I do enjoy giving the occasional lesson and generally participating in the club community. It’s definitely something about which I’m very passionate.

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Some Topics

Some Topics: REPORT+PPT+IEEE PAPER 

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Some of The Seminar Presentations

WIRELESS UNDERGROUND COMMUNICATION USING MAGNETIC INDUCTION

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SUPERBOT

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ECE GATE QUESTION PAPER FOR FREE PDF DOWNLOAD

QUESTIONS

GATE BY RK KANODIA

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Theory  

SENSORS USED IN ROBOTICS

There are a vast number of different sensors being used in robotics, applying different measurement techniques, and using different inter- faces to a controller. This, unfortunately, makes sensors a difficult subject to cover. We will, however, select a number of typical sensor systems and discuss their details in hardware and software. The scope of this chapter is more on interfacing sensors to controllers than on understanding the internal construction of sensors themselves. What is important is to find the right sensor for a particular application. This involves the right measurement technique, the right size and weight, the right operating temperature range and power consumption, and of course the right price range. Data transfer from the sensor to the CPU can be either CPU-initiated (polling) or sensor-initiated (via interrupt). In case it is CPU-initiated, the CPU has to keep checking whether the sensor is ready by reading a status line in a loop. This is much more time consuming than the alternative of a sensor-initiated data transfer, which requires the availability of an interrupt line. The sensor signals via an interrupt that data is ready, and the CPU can react immediately to this request.

·         Binary signal (0 or 1) - Tactile sensor

·         Analog signal (e.g. 0..5V) -  Inclinometer

·         Timing signal (e.g. PWM) - Gyroscope

·         Serial link (RS232 or USB) - GPS module

·         Parallel link - Digital camera

Wireless Networking Technology

Wireless Networking
Technology
From Principles to Successful Implementation

 

Chapter 1: Introducing Wireless Networking -1
Development of Wireless Networking  1
The Diversity of Wireless Networking Technologies - 2
Organisation of the Book  3
 
PART I: Wireless Network Architecture  7
Introduction  7
 
Chapter 2: Wireless Network Logical Architecture - 9
The OSI Network Model  9
Network Layer Technologies  13
Data Link Layer Technologies - 20
Physical Layer Technologies  25
Operating System Considerations  34
Summary  36
 
Chapter 3: Wireless Network Physical Architecture - 37
Wired Network Topologies – A Refresher  37
Wireless Network Topologies  40
Wireless LAN Devices - 45
Wireless PAN Devices - 60
Wireless MAN Devices  62
Summary of Part I  66
PART II: Wireless Communication - 69
Introduction  69
 
Chapter 4: Radio Communication Basics - 71
The RF Spectrum - 71
Spread Spectrum Transmission  76
Wireless Multiplexing and Multiple Access Techniques - 87
Digital Modulation Technique - 95
RF Signal Propagation and Reception  106
Ultra Wideband Radio  119
MIMO Radio - 124
Near Field Communications  126
 
Chapter 5: Infrared Communication Basics  129
The Ir Spectrum - 129
Infrared Propagation and Reception  129
Summary of Part II - 134
 
PART III: Wireless LAN Implementation  137
Introduction - 137
Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Standards  139
The 80211 WLAN Standards  139
The 80211 MAC Layer 144
80211 PHY Layer - 148
80211 Enhancements - 156
Other WLAN Standards - 170
Summary - 173

 
Chapter 7: Implementing Wireless LANs  175
Evaluating Wireless LAN Requirements  176
Planning and Designing the Wireless LAN- 183
Pilot Testing  190
Installation and Configuration  190
Operation and Support  197
A Case Study: Voice over WLAN - 199
 
Chapter 8: Wireless LAN Security  205
The Hacking Threat  205
WLAN Security - 208
WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy Encryption  209
Wi-Fi Protected Access – WPA - 212
IEEE 80211i and WPA2  219
WLAN Security Measures - 230
Wireless Hotspot Security - 236
VoWLAN and VoIP Security - 239
Summary - 240
 
Chapter 9: Wireless LAN Troubleshooting - 241
Analysing Wireless LAN Problems  241
Troubleshooting using WLAN Analysers - 243
Bluetooth Coexistence with 80211 WLANs - 247
Summary of Part III  249
 
PART IV: Wireless PAN Implementation  251
Introduction - 251
 
Chapter 10: Wireless PAN Standards - 253
Introduction - 253
Bluetooth (IEEE 802151) - 254
Wireless USB - 265
ZigBee (IEEE 802154) - 273
IrDA  280
Near Field Communications  287
Summary - 292
 
Chapter 11: Implementing Wireless PANs - 295
Wireless PAN Technology Choices  295
Pilot Testing  300
Wireless PAN Security  300
Summary of Part IV  306
 
PART V: Wireless MAN Implementation  307
Introduction - 307
Chapter 12: Wireless MAN Standards  309
The 80216 Wireless MAN Standards  309
Other WMAN Standards  319
Metropolitan Area Mesh Networks  321
Summary - 322
 
Chapter 13: Implementing Wireless MANs - 323
Technical Planning - 323
Business Planning  332
Start-up Phase - 337
Operating Phase - 339
Summary of Part V - 340
 
PART VI: The Future of Wireless
Networking Technology - 343
Introduction - 343
 
Chapter 14: Leading Edge Wireless Networking Technologies  345
Wireless Mesh Network Routing  345
Network Independent Roaming - 347
Gigabit Wireless LANs  350
Cognitive Radio - 355
Summary of Part VI  358
 
PART VII: Wireless Networking
Information Resources - 361
Introduction - 361
 
Chapter 15: Further Sources of Information  363
General Information Sources - 363
Wireless PAN Resources by Standard  364
Wireless LAN Resources by Standard  367
Wireless MAN Resources by Standard - 369
 
Chapter 16: Glossary - 371
Networking and Wireless Networking Acronyms - 371
Networking and Wireless Networking Glossary  381
Subject Index - 397
Keyword :
 
2B1Q, 29–30
3GPP, 349
4B/5B, 27
4-PPM, 283
4-way handshake
BSS transitions, 164
RSN key management, 222
16-QAM, 102
Gray coding, 102–3
80211a OFDM, 151
64-QAM, 102
80211a OFDM, 151
8021x, 212
authentication framework, 214
EAPoL transport, 217
8022, 20
8023, 26
8025, 24
80211
basic service set 142
CSMA/CA, 145
enhancements, 156
extended service set, 143
logical architecture, 141
logical link control, 144
media access control, 144
MAC coordination functions, 145
network components, 142
origins, 139
PHY layer, 148
resources, 367
standards suite, 140
VoIP enhancements, 202
80211a, 150, 345
80211h compliance, 160
HiperLAN/2 similarity, 171
key features, 140
modulation and coding schemes, 172
OFDM, 92
operating range, 180
PHY layer, 150
QAM modulation, 102
QPSK modulation, 100
ratification, 139, 150
80211b, 46
channel allocation, 186–88
channel availability at 24 GHz, 154
frequency hopping parameters, 84
high rate DSSS, 149
key features, 140
modulation and coding schemes, 172
modulation methods, 153
operating range, 180
PHY layer, 152
QPSK modulation, 100
ratification, 139
spread spectrum techniques, 80, 83
80211d
key features, 140
80211e, 157–60
ESS mesh QoS, 168
key features, 140
voice traffic, 201
WiMedia MAC, 267
80211f
key features, 140
80211g
key features, 140
modulation and coding schemes, 172
OFDM, 92
operating range, 180
PHY layer, 154
QAM modulation, 102
ratification, 139, 154
80211h, 160, 345
key features, 140
spectrum management, 151
80211i, 48, 209, 219–20
key features, 140
RSN security protocol, 227
troubleshooting, 245
WPA interim measure, 212
80211j
key features, 140
80211k, 143, 162
key features, 140
transmit power control, 119, 163
80211n, 46, 125, 165
Enhanced Wireless Consortium, 165
gigabit wireless LAN, 350
key features, 140
OFDM modulation, 167
80211p
key features, 140
80211r, 162
key features, 140
fast BSS transitions, 164
voice services, 201
80211s, 45, 167–69
key features, 140
resources, 368
80211T, 248
key features, 140
80211u
key features, 140
80211v
key features, 140
80211w
key features, 140
80215, 253
802151
origins, 254
resources, 364
see also Bluetooth
80215, 253 (Continued)
802154a, 80, 273, 280
impulse radio, 121
MAC security services, 305
radio, 100
resources, 365
standards and task groups, 254
standing committee SCwgn, 293
see also ZigBee
80216, 309–19, 328
80216-2004, 310, 321
80216a, 309
key parameters, 313
80216e, 66, 316–18
80216f/g, 319
frame structure, 311
key parameters, 311
management connections, 314
optional air interfaces, 313
PHY layer, 310
resources, 369
standards suite, 310
80221
media independent
handover, 165, 348
80222, 356–58
A
Access categories see Traffic classes
Access point
array, 43, 52
BSS example, 142
channel allocation, 186–88
channel switching, 161
configuration, 189, 191–94
automatic, 196
fat, 46, 196
functionality, 46
link margin report, 161
location, 183
pilot testing, 191
rogue
detection, 189, 235–36
hacking threat, 207
thin, 47
transitions between, 162, 201
transmit power control, 161
wireless LAN controller, 48
Index
398
Adaptive burst profiling
80216 radio link control, 315
glossary, 381
Adaptive frequency hopping
glossary, 381
Adaptive rate selection see Dynamic rate
shifting
Address resolution protocol, 13
1394 ARP, 32
ARP cache, 16
Ad-hoc mode
IBSS operation, 142
dynamic frequency selection, 162
topology, 143
Advanced encryption standard, 212, 225
CCMP encryption, 228–29
SSL support, 237
WPA2 implementation, 220
AIFS see Arbitrary inter-frame spacing
ALOHANET, 1
Alternating wireless medium access, 249
Ambient noise, 118
Antenna
adaptive beam, 57
MIMO compared, 59
beam-forming see adaptive beam
dipole, 107
radiation pattern, 107–8
directed beam, 58
directional, 107
radiation pattern, 107–8
wireless MAN application, 327
diversity, 57
diversity gain, 166
gain, 107
helical, 56
impedance, 108
omnidirectional, 55
wireless MAN application, 327
parabolic, 331
patch, 331
plasma, 59
polarisation, 55
sector, 41, 52, 55
wireless MAN application, 327
smart, 56, 94
80216a support, 312
switched beam, 57
Antenna (Continued)
wireless MAN, 64–5
wireless PAN, 62
Yagi
radiation pattern, 108
AntHocNet, 43, 346–47
APIPA, 15
Apple Computer Inc
iLink, 30
Application layer
described, 10
e-mail example, 11
MSDU and, 22
Arbitrary inter-frame spacing, 157
ARIB, 73–5
80211b channels, 153
ARP spoofing, 207
Association
80211 networks, 147
MAC distribution system service, 149
TPC in association frame, 161
Asynchronous
connectionless links, 259
IrDA SIR format, 282
WiMedia MAC, 269
Authenticator, 214
Authentication
80211 networks, 147
8021x, 164, 212
Bluetooth security, 301
EAP, 216
MAC station service, 148
server, 213–19
wireless LAN security, 208
wireless robust authenticated protocol, 227
wireless USB security, 304
Authorisation
Bluetooth security, 301
Auto-correlation
chipping codes, 82
B
Backhaul
glossary, 382
MAN provisioning, 332–33
Back-off period
in CSMA/CA, 25, 145
in CSMA/CD, 24
Index
399
Back-off period (Continued)
mixed mode operation, 155
randomised, 145
traffic class dependence, 157, 159
Bandwidth
dynamic control, 119
glossary, 382
granting in 80216, 314–16
Bandwidth efficiency see Spectral efficiency
Barker codes, 80–3, 110
80211b PHY, 152–53
glossary, 382
Base station, 327
Baseband
Bluetooth, 259
glossary, 382
Basic service set
ad-hoc mode, 142
beacon frames, 142
benefits, 143
BSSID, 142
infrastructure mode, 142
transitions, 163–64
Beacon frames, 142
time synchronisation, 147
quiet period specification, 161
SSID broadcast, 231
Beacon reports
80211k, 163
Beam pattern
infra-red, 131–32
WLAN antennas, 107–8
Binary phase shift keying, 98
80211a, 151
80211b, 153
glossary, 382
Bit error rate, 96, 109, 112, 129
data rate dependence, 153
WLAN layout, 188
Block cipher
cipher block chaining, 227
counter mode operation, 226
electronic code book, 226
offset code book, 227
Bluesnarfing, 302
Bluetooth
application profiles, 256
connection states, 260
Bluetooth (Continued)
enhanced data rate, 101
devices, 60, 255
discovery, 259
features, 61
security levels, 301
frequency hopping spread
spectrum, 85
glossary, 382
host controller interface, 260
jamming, 207
L2CAP, 261
link manager protocol, 260
master device, 40
maximum transmission unit, 261
packet types, 259
pairing, 262
power classes, 258
profiles, 255–56
protocol stack, 257
radio, 258
DPSK modulation, 101, 258
Gaussian FSK, 102, 258
resources, 364
RFCOMM, 261
security, 300–03
services
discovery, 262
security levels, 301
special interest group, 255, 265
standard data rate, 102
usage examples, 263
VoIP connection, 349
vulnerabilities, 302
Bridging, 53
WLAN point-to-point, 189
British Telecom, 349
Broadcast, 383
monitoring, 207
Broadband wireless access, 309
BSS see Basic service set
BSSID, 142
Business planning
MAN implementation, 323, 332
C
Cash flow projection, 336–37
Change control, 197
Index
400
Channel allocation
80211b access points, 186–88
Channel bonding
80211g enhancement, 156
Channel state information
MIMO radio, 125
80211k reports, 163–64
Channel switching
access point initiation, 161
Chipping codes, 80, 82
auto-correlation, 82
direct sequence UWB radio, 122
glossary, 383
length versus processing gain, 153
multi-channel CDMA, 353
orthogonality, 82, 353
Ciphers
block, 225
cipher block chaining, 227
counter mode operation, 226
electronic code book, 226
offset code book, 227
Rijndael, 225
stream, 225
Code division multiple access, 94
Coding rate
80211a PHY, 151–52
80211g PHY, 154
80211n mechanisms, 166
defined, 151
Coexistence
alternating wireless medium access, 249
Bluetooth and 80211, 247
deterministic frequency nulling, 249
wireless LAN attribute, 178
wireless PAN attribute, 298
Cognitive radio, 355
resources, 370
Communication services
connection oriented, 21, 314, 383
connectionless, 21
Complementary code keying, 82
80211b PHY, 152–53
glossary, 383
Connection oriented, 21, 383
80216 MAC, 314
Contention period, 25
Contention free period, 147
Control frames
CTS/ACK, 146
DTR/DSR, 261
mixed mode operation, 155
RTS/CTS, 155
Bluetooth RFCOMM, 261
Cover ge holes,
WLAN site survey, 184
Cross-correlation
chipping codes, 82
Cryptoanalytic attacks, 207
CSMA/CA, 25, 145
glossary, 383
CSMA/CD, 23
glossary, 383
timing, 24
Customer mapping, 334
Customer premises equipment, 331
installation, 332
Cyclic redundancy check
glossary, 384
WEP message integrity, 210, 213
D
Data encryption standard, 226
Data link layer
described, 10
e-mail example, 11
technologies, 20
ISDN, 30
Data rate
80211/a/b/g comparison, 157
effective, 156, 165
headline versus effective, 156
versus operating range, 2
Data transfer
asynchronous, 32
see also Asynchronous
isochronous, 32
see also Isochronous
dBm
defined, 106
glossary, 384
DCF see Distributed
coordination function
Deauthentication
MAC station service, 148
Default gateway, 14
Index
401
Delay spread
glossary, 384
mobile WiMAX, 316
multipath, 114
voice services, 201
Denial of service, 206
Detector sensitivity
infra-red, 132
wavelength dependence, 133
Deterministic frequency nulling, 249
DFS see Dynamic frequency selection
Differential phase shift keying, 100
80211b DPSK, 152
glossary, 384
DIFS see Distributed inter-frame spacing
Digital signatures
PKI certificates, 219
SSL certificates, 239
voice service security, 203
Direct sequence spread spectrum, 83–4
glossary, 385
interference with FHSS, 248
ZigBee radio, 276
Direct sequence UWB radio, 121
Directed beaconing
wireless USB devices, 270
Disassociation
MAC distribution system service, 149
Distributed coordination function, 145
80211e enhancements, 157
timing, 146
Distributed inter-frame spacing, 145
Distributed reservation channel access, 168
Distributed reservation protocol
WiMedia MAC, 268
Distribution system
ESS operation, 144
MAC services, 147, 149
mesh networks, 167
wired, 143
wireless, 167
Diversity
frequency, 318
glossary, 385
spatial, 59
Diversity gain, 166
Dual band radios
WLAN application, 183
Dual carrier modulation, 104, 123
Dual mode
VoIP handsets, 202
Dynamic rate shifting
80211b PHY, 152
Dynamic frequency selection
80211h, 160–62
ad-hoc mode, 162
glossary, 385
E
EAP see Extensible authentication
protocol
ECMA 340, 287
field strength specification, 288
modulation and coding, 289
Effective data rate
Bluetooth, 255
wireless LAN attribute, 178
wireless PAN attribute, 297
Effective isotropic radiated power
80211a limits, 150
defined, 107
FCC and ETSI limits, 73–4
glossary, 385
wireless MAN set-up, 326
Electromagnetic spectrum
see Spectrum
Encoding
2B1Q, 29–30
4B/5B, 27–28
MLT-3, 28
Manchester, 28
NRZI, 33
noise immunity and, 34
E-mail
OSI example, 11
Emitter power density, 131
Encryption
cipher block chaining, 220
counter mode, 226
electronic code book, 226
stream ciphers, 225
Enhanced DCF, 145
timing, 158–59
Enhanced Wireless
Consortium, 165
Ericson Mobile Communications, 254
Index
402
Error correction
80216e enhancements, 317
cyclic redundancy check, 384,
210, 213
forward error correction, 386
low density parity check, 351
ESS see Extended service set
Ethernet, 1, 26
address, 22
collision detection, 145
CSMA/CD and, 23
fast, 27
ETSI, 73–75
80211b channels, 153
Bluetooth RFCOMM adaptation, 261
DECT and HomeRF, 170
HIPERMAN, 319
Evil twin intercept, 207
Exposed station, 76
Extended service set
defined, 143
roaming between, 144
Extended unique identifier
1394 ARP and, 32
glossary, 386
Extensible authentication
protocol, 215
4-way handshake, 223
EAPoL, 216
EAP types, 217
key hierarchy, 222
F
Fade margin, 116–17
Fading
glossary, 386
Fast Fourier transform, 92
multi-channel CDMA, 353
FCC, 73–5, 150
80211b channels, 153
spectrum policy review, 356
television spectrum reuse, 356–58
Financial plan, 336
profitability analysis, 337
Firewall
glossary, 386
voice service security, 239
wireless hotspot security, 238
FireWire, 26
CSR architecture
range, 31
resources, 366
topology, 31
wireless 1394, 123, 272
Frame bursting see Packet bursting
Free space loss, 112–14
Frequency diversity, 318
Frequency division duplexing, 88–89
80216, 311
Frequency division multiple
access, 88–89
Frequency hopping spread
spectrum, 84–85
Bluetooth hopping patterns, 262
French regulations, 85
glossary, 387
interference, 247–48
multi-band OFDM, 123
Frequency reuse, 355
glossary, 386
polarisation based, 355
Frequency shift keying, 101
Gaussian, 102
Freshness check
ZigBee security, 305
Fresnel zone theory, 114
glossary, 387
WMAN site survey, 324
G
Gaussian frequency shift keying, 102
Gateway, 387
Gigabit wireless LAN, 350
usage scenarios, 351
Grant per connection, 316
Gray coding, 102–103
Guard interval, 92
80211n, 166
multi-channel CDMA, 353
Guard tones, 123
H
Hacking threats, 205
Harris Semiconductor, 82
HCF see Hybrid coordination function
HCF controlled channel access, 159
Index
403
Hidden station, 76
80211k reports, 163–64
wireless USB awareness, 270
HiperLAN/2, 171–73, 183
resources, 369
HIPERMAN, 319
key parameters, 320
Home area network, 274
Home automation, 61
Home RF, 87, 170, 183
shared wireless access protocol, 170
Hub
active, 38
passive, 39
switching, 39
glossary, 394
Hybrid coordination function, 158
I
IBSS see Independent basic service set
ICMP, 17
IEEE
OSI model and, 12
IEEE 1394 see FireWire
iLink see FireWire
Impedance matching, 108
Impulse radio
pulse position modulation, 104
UWB radio, 121
ZigBee candidate PHY layer, 86
Independent basic service set, 142
topology, 143
Inductive coupling
load modulation, 128
NFC devices, 127
Industry Canada, 73–4
Infrastructure mode
BSS operation, 142
glossary, 387
topology, 143
Initialisation vector
glossary, 387
WEP encryption, 209
Insertion attack
hacking threat, 207
Instrument, Scientific and Medical, 71
spectrum allocation, 72
Interference
80211h extensions, 160
Interference (Continued)
dynamic rate shifting, 152
DSSS and FHSS, 248
mitigation techniques, 118
multipath, 58, 91, 114
packet fragmentation strategy, 155
site survey, 184
transmit power control, 161
wireless LAN attribute, 178
wireless PAN attribute, 298
ZigBee, 279
Inter-frame spacing
traffic class dependence, 159
International Telecommunications Union, 73
spectrum harmonisation, 151
Internet Engineering Task Force, 49, 51
Internet point-of-presence, 332
glossary, 391
Interoperability
80211b and 80211g, 139, 155
Bluetooth and UWB, 265
IrDA, 283
spectrum sharing, 357
wireless PAN user requirement, 297
Inter-packet gap, 27
Inter-symbol interference, 91
Intrusion detection, 235–37
Inverse fast Fourier transform
multi-channel CDMA, 353
Inverse square law, 131
IP address, 13
access point configuration, 193
glossary, 388
IANA, 15
IP 1394, 32
IP v6, 15
IP v7, 16
private, 15, 18–9
IrBurst, 296
IrDA
device alignment, 281
LAN access, 286
link distance, 282
minimum emitter power, 132
origins, 280
physical layer, 131, 282
protocol stack, 282
optional, 284
pulse position modulation, 104
Index
404
IrDA (Continued)
resources, 366
security, 305
ISDN, 26, 29
ISM see Instrument, Scientific and Medical
Isochronous
glossary, 388
WiMedia MAC, 268–69, 271
ITU see International Telecommunications
Union
J
Jamming
hacking threat, 207
Jitter
glossary, 387
voice services, 201
K
Kerberos, 235–36
L
Last mile broadband access, 309
Latency
glossary, 388
Leasing agreements, 338
Light emitting diode
emitter power density, 131
polar diagram, 132
Line-of-sight
glossary, 388
Link budget, 116, 129
access point report, 161
ambient noise environment, 118
fade margin, 116–17
wireless MAN set-up, 326, 339
Link distance
infra-red, 133
Link margin see Link budget, fade margin
Link quality indicator, 119
Linux, 35
Load modulation, 128, 289
Location based services, 272
Logial architecture, 9
Logical link control, 20
Losses
cables and connectors, 108
free space loss, 112–14
path loss, 161
Low density parity check, 351–53
glossary, 389
Lucent Technologies, 82
LWAPP, 49
functions, 51
M
MAC see Media access control
MAN see Metropolitan area network
Manchester coding
glossary, 389
NFC coding, 289–90
MANET see Mesh networks
Man-in-the-middle attack, 207
Magnetic field strength, 288
Marketing plan, 333
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 235
MBOA Alliance, 123
MC-CDMA, 2
Media access control, 21
address, 20, 22
filtering, 234
alternating wireless, 249
contention based, 145
ZigBee, 276
coordination functions, 145
CSMA/CA, 25, 276
CSMA/CD, 23
data link layer technology, 20
distribution system services, 147
efficiency
defined, 167
gigabit wireless LAN, 351
TDMA versus CSMA/CA, 171
frame
four address format, 168
structure, 22–3
glossary, 389
header, 229
protocol data unit
encryption, 228–29
service access point, 53
glossary, 389
service data unit, 21–22
services, 144
station services, 147–48
wireless, 144
WiMedia MAC media access slots, 268
Index
405
Media access control (Continued)
wired networks, 22
token, 24
wireless networks, 25
Media independent handover, 347–50
Media reservations
pre-allocation in 80211r, 165
Mesh coordination function, 168
Mesh networks, 43
distributed control, 43
implementation considerations, 279
metropolitan area, 321
resources, 368
routing, 43, 345–46
ant inspired, 346–47
security, 168
throughput, 44
Message integrity check, 212, 389
wireless LAN security measure, 208
wireless robust authenticated
protocol, 227
WEP, 210
Metropolitan Area Network
antennas, 64
location, 328, 330
selection, 327
backhaul, 332–33
business planning, 332
configuration, 66
coverage options, 328–29
CPE installation, 331, 339–40
customer mapping, 334
base station, 41, 63
selection, 327
devices, 62
equipment location, 326
financial plan, 336
implementation, 323
link budget, 326
management and operations
plan, 335
mesh networks, 321
mobile MAN devices, 66
service bundle, 335
site surveying, 324, 339
transmitter power, 331
uptake curves, 334
Miller coding, 390
MIMO, 2, 43, 59, 124
glossary, 390
space division multiplexing, 124
Minimum threshold irradiance, 132–33
MISO, 125–26
Mixed mode operation
80211b and 80211g, 155
throughput impact, 155
Mobility
distribution system, 144
wireless PAN user requirement, 296
Modulation, 95
4-PPM, 283
80211a OFDM methods, 151
80211n mechanisms, 166
80211n OFDM methods, 167
80216, 312
adaptive burst control, 315
binary phase shift keying, 98
bit error rate, 110
differential phase shift keying, 100
dual carrier, 104, 123
frequency shift keying, 101
glossary, 390
HHH, 283
IrDA, 283
NRZI, 97
offset QPSK, 100, 276
on-off keying, 97
phase shift keying, 98
pulse amplitude modulation, 29, 86, 121–22
pulse position modulation, 86, 104
pulse shape modulation, 105, 122
quadrature amplitude modulation, 102
quadrature phase shift keying, 99
RZI, 97, 282–83
Modulation index, 390
Motorola, 349
Multi-band OFDM
spatial location, 61
UWB radio, 121–22
Multicast, 390, 220
Multi-path propagation, 58, 91
80216, 312, 317
Multiple access techniques, 87
code division, 94
frequency division, 88
OFDM, 89
Index
406
Multiple access techniques (Continued)
space division, 94, 124
time division, 87
N
Near field communications
collision detection, 290
devices, 126
modulation methods, 289
origins, 287
PHY layer, 288
protocol stack, 289
resources, 367
usage models, 291
NetStumbler, 246
Network adapter
MAC address, 22
See also Network interface car
Network address translation, 18
glossary, 390
static and dynamic, 19
static NAT table, 18
Network architecture
logical, 9
physical, 37–67
Network bridging see Bridging
Network capacity
bandwidth requirements, 180
comparison for WLAN
technologies, 181
voice calls, 199–200
WLAN attribute, 178
Network ID
determining, 14
Network interface card
configuration, 194
disabling, 238
wireless, 45
Network layer
described, 10
e-mail example, 11
ISDN and, 30
technologies, 13
Network management, 196
Network operating system
configuration, 191, 195
considerations, 34
Network performance monitoring, 197
Network policies, 198
Network throughput
signal strength dependency, 112
Network topology see Topology
NFC see Near field communications
Noise floor
graphical display, 185
WMAN survey, 325
Noise power density, 109
Noise and interference survey
WLAN site survey, 184
Nonce
CBC-MAC, 227
glossary, 390
key generation, 222
Novell Netware, 35
Null tones, 123
O
OBEX, 281
IrOBEX, 285
OFDM see Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing
OFDMA
scalable, 316
Offset QPSK modulation, 100, 276
Operating mode
access point configuration, 193–94
Operating procedures
wireless MAN, 336
Operating range
factors influencing in WLANs, 180, 182
indoor versus PHY data rate, 182
versus data rate, 2
wireless PAN attribute, 298
Operating system
considerations, 34
see also Network operating system
Operations
customer helpline, 339
financial, 340
leasing agreement, 338
performance monitoring, 197–98
subscriber agreement, 338
wireless LAN, 197
wireless MAN, 335
operating cost elements, 336
start-up phase, 337
Index
407
Orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing, 2, 89, 151
80211a, 151
80211g, 154
enhanced channel bandwidths, 165
glossary, 391
pilot tones, 92
tone orthogonality, 90
transciever block diagram, 93
Orthogonality
multiple access codes, 95
chipping codes, 82, 353
OFDM tones, 90
OSI model, 9–13
P
Packet binary convolution coding
80211b optional modulation, 153
glossary, 391
Packet bursting, 155
Packet delay
voice services, 201
Packet error rate, 109
payload size dependency, 119
Packet fragmentation, 155
Pairing
glossary, 391
Pairwise temporal keys
glossary, 391
hierarchy, 222
PAN see Personal Area Network
Passphrase, 209
Bluetooth device pairing, 262
changing default, 232
wireless USB security, 304
Password authentication protocol, 216
Path loss
access point estimate, 161
PBCC see Packet binary
convolution coding
PCF see Point coordination function
Peer-to-peer mode see Ad-hoc mode
Penetration
reduced at 5 GHz, 152
see also Signal attenuation
Personal Area Network
devices, 60
rate versus range, 292
Personal operating space, 253
Phase constellation, 99
frequency hopping, 123
Gray coding, 102–3
multi-band UWB radio, 122
Phase shift keying, 98
Photodiode
minimum threshold irradiance, 132–33
wavelength dependence, 133
Physical layer
described, 10
infra-red, 149
IrDA, 131
technologies, 25
maximum data rate and, 26
wired networks, 26
wireless networks, 34–5
PLCP, 25
PMD sublayer, 26
Physical layout
designing for WLAN, 185–89
factors influencing, 186–87
planning tools, 187
provisional, 185
testing for WLAN, 183
wireless switches, 189
Physical medium, 26
copper cable, 31
glossary, 394
optical fibre, 31
radio transmission, 75
twisted pair (UTP), 27–8
Piconet, 255, 262
Pilot testing
voice services, 202
wireless LAN, 176, 190
aspects, 191
wireless PAN, 300
Pilot tones, 92, 123
80211a PHY, 151
80211g PHY, 154
PKI see Public key infrastructure
Point coordination function, 145–46
Inter-frame spacing, 147
quality of service, 147
Polarisation, 55–56
WMAN site survey, 325
gigabit WLAN frequency reuse, 355
Index
408
Port address translation, 19
PAT table, 20
Power density, 81
infra-red, 130
Power efficiency, 96
Presentation layer
described, 10
security see SSL
Print server, 53
Probe frame
80211 association, 147
DFS specification, 161
Processing gain, 109
packet binary convolution coding, 153
glossary, 392
Profitability analysis, 337
Protocols
installing, 195
Pseudo-noise code, 80–1, 94, 121
Public key infrastructure, 219
secure socket layer, 237
Pulse amplitude modulation, 29,
86, 121–22
Pulse position modulation, 86, 104
infra-red PHY, 149
Pulse shape modulation, 105,122
Q
Quadrature phase shift keying, 99
80211a OFDM, 151
80216, 312
glossary, 392
Quality of service
80211e, 157
80216, 314
Bluetooth, 261
continuous through transitions, 165
Enhanced DCF, 158
VoIP services, 201
wireless LAN attribute, 178
wireless PAN attribute, 298
R
Radian sphere
defined, 126
Radiant intensity
infra-red, 130–131
Radio resource measurements, 162
RADIUS
authentication server, 215–18
EAP over RADIUS, 215
RC4 cipher, 207, 209–10, 225
weakness in WEP implementation, 211
secure socket layer support, 237
Reassociation
MAC distribution system
service, 149
TPC in association frame, 161
Received signal strength indicator, 119
Bluetooth class 1 devices, 258
roaming decisions, 163
WLAN layout, 188
Receiver sensitivity, 108
defined, 111
glossary, 392
receiver noise figure, 110
receiver noise floor, 108, 110–11
defined, 111
Reflection coefficient
infra-red, 134
Replay attack, 207
Request for Comments
glossary, 392
RFC 1918, 15
RFID, 126, 287
RF propagation
local environmental conditions, 186
transmitter power, 106
RF spectrum, 71
regulation, 73
unlicenced use, 74
Rijndael cipher, 225
Roaming
80211k, 162
algorithm, 163
alternative access points, 144
roaming decisions, 163
transition times, 201
WLAN scenarios, 162
voice services, 201
Robust security network, 220
AES-CCMP, 228
authentication, 221
information element content, 221
key management, 222
parameter negotiation, 221
Index
409
Robust security network (Continued)
wireless robust authenticated protocol, 227
Routing
ant inspired, 346–47
bandwidth impact, 345
distribution system, 144
dynamic, 43
glossary, 385
glossary, 393
MANETS, 18
mesh networks, 168–69, 345
RIP, 17
router table, 16, 275
stochastic, 346
transitions
heterogeneous, 348
homogeneous, 347
RSA algorithm, 237
glossary, 393
RSN see Robust security network
RSSI see Received signal
strength indicator
S
Scalable OFDMA, 316–18
Scatternet, 255, 262
glossary, 393
Secure Socket Layer,
presentation layer security, 11, 237–39
Security
access point configuration, 193–94
Bluetooth, 300–303
denial of service attack, 202, 206
IrDA, 305
MAC address filtering, 234
mesh networks, 168–69
troubleshooting, 247
wireless hotspot, 236
wireless LAN
practical measures, 230–36
security attribute, 178
security measures, 208
wireless PAN, 300
wireless switch features, 196
wireless USB, 303–4
voice services, 202, 239
ZigBee, 304–5
SEEMesh, 45, 168
Serial Ir link, 281
Service access points
data rate at, 156
LLC SAP, 21
MAC SAP, 21
Session highjacking, 207
Session layer
described, 10
Shared keys
changing default, 232
Shared wireless access protocol, 170
Short inter-frame spacing, 146
DFS channel switch
announcement, 161–62
Side channel attacks, 208
Siemens AG, 355
SIFS see Short inter-frame spacing
Signal attenuation
building materials, 116
indoors, 115
Signal strength survey
results display, 186
WLAN survey aspects, 185
Signal-to-interference ratio, 188
Signal-to-noise ratio, 109–12
data rate dependence, 153
defined, 109
WLAN layout, 188
SIMO, 125
SISO, 125
Site report
80211k report, 163–64
Site survey
fade margin, 116
Fresnel zone, 324
objectives, 183
simulation, 324
subscriber location, 325, 339
troubleshooting, 246–47
Slot time, 145
Smart antennas, 56, 94
80216 support, 312
SNMP
glossary, 393
performance data collection, 197
WLAN security, 236
Software defined radio, 355
Solid angle
defined, 130
Space division multiple access, 94
Index
410
Space division multiplexing, 124
Space time block coding, 126
Spam over internet telephony, 203
Spatial diversity, 59
Spatial location, 61, 272
Spatial reuse, 169
Spectral efficiency, 83, 96, 102, 111
gigabit wireless LAN, 351
glossary, 393
Spectral shaping
multi-band OFDM, 123
Spectrum
electromagnetic, 129
radio frequency, 71
FCC allocation, 72
map for spectrum sharing, 358
sensing for vertical sharing, 357
Spectrum agile radio, 74, 356–58
see also Cognitive radio
Spectrum analyser
WMAN site survey, 325
Spread spectrum, 76–87
benefits, 86–7
chirp, 121
direct sequence, 78, 83–4
frequency hopping, 78, 84–5
glossary, 394
hacking threats, 205
hybrid, 79–80
pulsed FM, 79
time hopping, 78
types, 77
SSID, 51
access point configuration, 193–94
broadcast, 193
disabling broadcast, 231
glossary, 393
probe frame, 147
Standards
IEEE 1394, 31
OSI model, 9
proprietary extensions, 155
Steradian, 130
Stigmergy, 346
Stress testing
voice services, 202
Subchanelization, 316, 318
Subnet mask, 14, 17
Supplicant, 214
Switch
wireless LAN switch, 41
features, 50
LWAPP, 49
see also Hub, switching
Synchronous
connection oriented links, 259
glossary, 394
IrDA FIR, 283
links, interference, 248
T
Technical planning
MAN implementation, 323
Technical requirements
wireless LAN
comparison of technologies, 181
establishing, 179
wireless PAN
comparison of technologies, 299
establishing, 297
Temporal keys integrity protocol, 212
glossary, 394
key mixing, 214
RSN key hierarchy, 223
WPA feature, 212
Texas Instruments, 153
Thermal noise floor, 110
Time division multiple access, 87
80216, 311
alternating wireless medium access, 249
HiperLAN/2, 171
IrLAP, 284
MAC efficiency, 171
ZigBee, 276
Time division multiplexing
80216, 310
Bluetooth baseband, 259
Time-frequency codes, 123
wireless USB radio, 267
Time hopping spread spectrum, 85–6
Topology
ad-hoc mode, 143
bus, 38
daisy chain, 31, 33, 39
IBSS, 143
infrastructure mode, 143
ring, 37
star, 37
Index
411
Topology (Continued)
switched, 42
wireless networks, 40
tree, 31, 33, 53
ZigBee supported, 275
Traffic classes
80211e, 157
described, 160
queues, 158
voice traffic, 201
Transitions
heterogeneous, 348
homogeneous, 347
Transition security network, 222
Transmit opportunity, 159
spectrum sharing, 358
Transmitter power, 106
access point configuration, 193
automatic adjustment, 189
FCC specified maximum, 107
RA specified maximum, 107
transmit power control, 119
80211h, 160
80216 radio link control, 315
Bluetooth class 1 devices, 258
Transport Control Protocol
e-mail example, 11
Transport layer
described, 10
Troubleshooting
connectivity, 242, 245
performance, 242, 246
problem identification, 242
solution strategies, 244
wireless LAN, 241
wireless LAN analysers, 243–46, 249
Tunnelling
glossary, 394
TLS tunnel, 219
Turbo codes, 351–53
glossary, 394
U
Ultra fast Ir, 286
Ultra wideband, 2, 119–24
EIRP limits, 120
FCC definition, 120
FCC spectrum allocation, 73, 120
Ultra Wideband (Continued)
glossary, 394
wireless USB radio, 265
wireless USB MBOA bands
Unicast, 395, 220
U-NII
80211a OFDM PHY, 150
University of Essex, 355
UNIX, 35
Uptake curves, 334
USB, 26, 32
pipes, 33
topology, 33
wireless USB, 123
User requirements
wireless LAN, 175
considerations, 177
establishing, 176
wireless PAN
considerations, 296–97
establishing, 295
UWB see Ultra wideband
V
Virtual LAN
glossary, 395
voice service security, 239
Voice over wireless, 157
80211r support, 164
bandwidth requirements, 199
case study, 199
security, 239
VPN
glossary, 395
voice service security, 239
wireless hotspot security, 238
W
Walsh/Hadamard transform, 83, 95
code division multiple access, 353
Walsh codes, 95
War chalking
symbols, 206
War driving, 205
Wavelength, 71, 112
infra-red, 129
Wavenumber
defined, 129
Index
412
WDS see Distribution system, wireless
WECA see Wi-Fi Alliance
WEP see Wired equivalent privacy
WiBro, 66, 320
key parameters, 321
Wi-Fi see 80211
Wi-Fi Alliance, 1, 220
glossary, 396
WMM adoption, 159
Wi-Fi multimedia, 159, 201
access category descriptions, 160
voice traffic, 201
Wi-Fi protected access, 48, 169, 209
glossary, 396
TKIP, 212
WPA2, 219
compared, 220
WIGWAM see Gigabit wireless LAN
WiMAX, 40, 309–19
forum, 319
mobile, 316
resources, 369
see also 80216
WiMedia MAC, 267–68
distributed reservation protocol, 268
media access slots, 268
superframe structure, 268
WiMedia-MBOA Alliance, 266
WiMesh Alliance, 45, 168
logical architecture, 169
quality of service, 169
Windows
network operating system, 34
winipcfg utility, 22
Wired equivalent privacy, 48, 169
cryptographic weakness, 209, 211
encryption key length, 209
encryption process, 211
glossary, 395
key management, 213
key stream generation, 210
passphrase, 209
war chalking symbol, 206
Wireless distribution system see Distribution
system, wireless
Wireless hotspots
security, 236–39
Wireless regional area networks, 356
Wireless robust authenticated
protocol, 227
Wireless switch
automatic WLAN configuration, 196
layout planning, 189
Wireless USB
channel creation using DRP, 269
design objectives, 266
devices, 270–71
MBOA bands, 268
origins, 265
protocol stack, 266
radio, 267
resources, 365
security, 303–4
WMM see Wi-Fi multimedia
Workgroups
operating system configuration, 195
WPA see Wi-Fi protected access
X
X-10
glossary, 396
Z
ZigBee, 40, 273
20 specification, 280
802154 radio, 100
applications, 278
devices, 61, 63, 273, 278
features, 62
general operating framework, 275
glossary, 396
interference, 279
mesh implementation considerations, 279
optional spread spectrum
techniques, 80
O-QPSK modulation, 100
origins, 273
PHY layer, 275
protocol stack, 274
pulse modulation, 105
resources, 365
security, 304–5
superframe structure, 277
topologies, 275
ZigBee Alliance, 273, 280

 

Advances in Audio and Speech Signal Processing: Technologies and Applications

Advances in Audio and
Speech Signal Processing:
Technologies and Applications

Chapter.I
Introduction.to.Audio.and.Speech.Signal.Processing................................................. 1
Hector Perez-Meana, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
Mariko Nakano-Miyatake, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
Section.I
Audio.and.Speech.Signal.Processing.Technology
 

Chapter.II
Digital.Filters.for.Digital.Audio.Effects..................................................................... 22
Gordana Jovanovic Dolecek, National Institute of Astrophysics, Mexico
Alfonso Fernandez-Vazquez, National Institute of Astrophysics, Mexico
 

Chapter.III
Spectral-Based.Analysis.and.Synthesis.of.Audio.Signals......................................... 56
Paulo A.A. Esquef, Nokia Institute of Technology, Brazil
Luiz W.P. Biscainho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Chapter.IV
DSP.Techniques.for.Sound.Enhancement.of.Old.Recordings................................. 93
Paulo A.A. Esquef, Nokia Institute of Technology, Brazil
Luiz W.P. Biscainho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Section.II
Speech.and.Audio.Watermarking.Methods
 

Chapter.V
Digital.Watermarking.Techniques.for.Audio.and.Speech.Signals......................... 132
Aparna Gurijala, Michigan State University, USA
John R. Deller, Jr., Michigan State University, USA
 

Chapter.VI
Audio.and.Speech.Watermarking.and.Quality.Evaluation................................... 161
Ronghui Tu, University of Ottawa, Canada
Jiying Zhao, University of Ottawa, Canada
Section.III
Adaptive.Filter.Algorithms
 

Chapter.VII
Adaptive.Filters:.Structures,.Algorithms,.and.Applications.................................. 190
Sergio L. Netto, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Luiz W.P. Biscainho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 

Chapter.VIII
Adaptive.Digital.Filtering.and.Its.Algorithms.for.Acoustic.
Echo.Canceling...........................................................................................................225
Mohammad Reza Asharif, University of Okinawa, Japan
Rui Chen, University of Okinawa, Japan
 

Chapter.IX
Active.Noise.Canceling:.Structures.and.Adaption.Algorithms.............................. 286
Hector Perez-Meana, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
Mariko Nakano-Miyatake, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
 

Chapter.X
Differentially Fed Artificial Neural Networks for Speech Signal Prediction........ 309
Manjunath Ramachandra Iyer, Banglore University, India
Section.IV
Feature.Extraction.Algorithms.and.Speech.Speaker.Recognition
 

Chapter.XI
Introduction.to.Speech.Recognition.........................................................................325
Sergio Suárez-Guerra, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
Jose Luis Oropeza-Rodriguez, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
 

Chapter.XII
Advanced.Techniques.in.Speech.Recognition......................................................... 349
Jose Luis Oropeza-Rodriguez, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
Sergio Suárez-Guerra, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
 

Chapter.XIII
Speaker.Recognition.................................................................................................. 371
Shung-Yung Lung, National University of Taiwan, Taiwan
 

Chapter.XIV
Speech.Technologies.for.Language.Therapy........................................................... 408
Ingrid Kirschning, University de las Americas, Mexico
Ronald Cole, University of Colorado, USA
 

About.the.Authors......................................................................................................434
Index............................................................................................................................439

Comment to request full ebook

KEYWORDS

Index
A
absolute category rating (ACR) method
178
acoustic
echo cancellation systems 222
impulse responses 229, 275
noise control (ANC) 269
active
noise
cancellation (ANC) 286, 287
control 222
adaptive
digital filtering (ADF) 225
echo cancellation 2
filter 198
linear combiner 193
noise canceller 5
advanced audio coding (AAC) 148
affine-projection 190
air traffic control 136
allpass
filters 25, 51
reverberator 42
American Defense Department (DoD) 13
amplitude estimator 120
analog
-to-digital (A/D) 289
hole 144
analysis tool 120
ANC
algorithm 305
filter 291
systems 18
anti-aliasing filter 289
artificial
larynx transducer (ALT) 14
neural networks 179
neuronal networks 331
reverberation 24
spectrum 80
vibrato 84
ASR system 328
audio
and speech watermarking techniques
136
applications 94
de-clicking 96, 99
de-hissing 96
de-noising 83
equalization 45
morphing 84
segment 83
signal 59
Stirmark 156
watermarking algorithm 139
authentication 136
autocorrelation method 153
automatic
gain control (AGC) 191
speech recognition (ASR) 325, 350
systems 350
autoregressive (AR) 74, 96
based
audio de-clicker 109
interpolators 114, 115
linear prediction 78
model 100, 108
coefficients 100
estimators 101
order 113
parameters 337
separation method 100
synthesis filter 114
B
backward-extrapolated fragment 114
bandpass filters 74
bidirectional channel 2
binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
152, 171
Bit-stream watermarking 148
block
division 181
LMS (BLMS) 245
bounded-Q transform 74
broadband
audio watermarking algorithms 151
noise (hiss) 95
broadcast monitoring 136, 137, 166
C
capella 81
Center for Spoken Language Research
(CSLR) 412
cepstrales coefficients (CLPC) 345
chorusing 30
classifier techniques 375
codebook design 382
codebook exited linear predictive coding
(CELP) 10
/hybrid codecs 180
codecs 13
coefficient 99, 145, 227, 253
quantization 181
selection 181
collusion attack 144
comb
filter 22, 40
reverberator 42
computational
cost 165
model 179
consonants 409
Constant-Q transform (CQT) 74
content
authentication 137, 166
management 137
continuous density hidden Markov models
(CDHMMs) 349, 358
copy
attack 144
control 136, 137, 166
copyright
protection 136, 137, 165
correlation
function 262, 275
LMS (CLMS) 258
coustic
impulse response 245
coversignal 133
-to-watermark 150
cropping attack 135
cross-correlation
coefficients 99
function 263
vector 257
cryptographic attacks 168
CSLU toolkit 410
D
DANN 314
data payload 132, 134, 164
data time warping (DTW) 350
algorithm 350
dead-lock attack 144
demand only O(N) 122
desynchronized stegosignal 135
detection blindness 164
digital
-to-analog (D/A) 143
audio
technology 94
watermarking 185
filters 226
literacy 225, 325
record 133
signal processing (DSP) 2, 23, 191
chips 13
solutions 111
diphthongs 420
direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
169
discrete
-time Fourier transform (DTFT) 59, 379
cosine transform (DCT) 82, 139, 145
Fourier
series (DFS) 379
transform (DFT) 58, 117, 175
wavelet transform (DWT)
120, 181, 264, 394
disyllables words 363
dither
modulation (DM) 148
vectors 148
double-talk detector (DTD) 254
dragon dictate 349
dual port RAM (DPR) 251
DWT
coefficient 122
decomposition 181
domain-based watermarking algorithm
183
dynamic
programming (DP) 391
time warping (DTW) 331, 403
E
e-model 179
echo
hiding techniques 140
return loss (ERL) 228
return loss enhancement (ERLE) 252
speech signals 35
ECLMS algorithm 267
embedding patient information 138
emerging track 75
endpoint detection 379
energy
analysis 336
function of the high frequency (ERO
parameter) 365
environmental noise 180
Ephraim and Malah suppression rule
(EMSR) 120
equation error (EE) 190, 211
solution 217
error
measurement 192
microphone 289
esophageal speech 14
Eucldian distance 395
evolving track 75
expectation maximization (EM) 358
experimental design 371
F
fast
Fourier transform (FFT)
58, 178, 208, 330, 379
buffer 70
coefficients 178
kernel 264
transversal filter (FTF) 208
feature
extraction 374
selection 371
fidelity 134
filter
banks 378
coefficients 340
fingerprinting 138, 166
finite impulse response (FIR)
38, 191, 366
adaptive filters 4
flanging 30, 43
formant
amplitudes 373
frequencies 373
frequency transitions 373
forward-extrapolated signal 114
Fourier transform 379
fragile speech watermarking algorithm
155
frame 378
frequency
bin adaptive filtering (FBAF) 245, 247
domain adaptive filtering (FDAF) 245
domain ECLMS (FECLMS)
algorithm 262, 267
domain synthesis 80
hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) 169
fundamental tone (T0) 345
fuzzy C-means algorithm (FCM) 387
FxRLS algorithms 286, 291
G
Gaussian
densities 356
estimators 314
HMM 422
mixture model (GMM)
179, 311, 312, 378
mixtures 356
genetic algorithm(GA) 382
geometric attacks 144, 168
group vector quantization (GVQ) 380
H
Hanning window 71, 72
harmonic
and individual lines plus noise (HILN)
87
signal 84
head-related
impulse response 218
transfer functions 218
hidden Markov models (HMMs) 78, 312,
326, 350, 396, 408
-neural networks (HMM-NN) 327
hidden wavelet Markov model (HWMM)
378
human
auditory system (HAS) 18, 138, 162
-based audio encoding operations 139
-based perceptual models 141, 151
-based psychoacoustic auditory model
141
visual system (HVS) 162
hybrid 379
methods 331
transformer 2
I
IBM's SpeechView 417
imperceptibility 164
implicit 379
individualized instruction 415
infinite impulse response (IIR)
37, 191, 227
filter 36
information embedding rate 143
input signal power spectral 344
instructor 418
integer 395
intelligent learning systems 412
international telecommunication union
(ITU) 179
interpolation 83
interpolators 111
Intonation 409
inusoidal modeling parameters 78
inverse
discrete wavelet transform (IDWT)
121, 266
reconstruction 183
Fourier transform 174, 344
inversion 144
isolated peaks 71
iteration 183
J
Jean Piaget School 422
K
Karhunen-Loeve
expansion 384
transform (KLT) 377, 384
kernels 146
keys 144
L
Lagrange multipliers 386
language therapy 409, 411
learning vector quantization (LVQ) 379
algorithm 380
least mean square (LMS)
190, 191, 203, 234
-based algorithm 191
-Newton algorithm 205
-type family 204
algorithm 201, 208
convergence speed 201
least significant bit (LSB) 140
-based watermarking schemes 147
least square
error (LSE) 154
least squares
autoregressive (LSAR) 112
interpolator 113
spectral optimization method 74
Linde-Buzo-Grey (LBG)
algorithm 379, 380, 382
codebooks 381
linear prediction (LP) 140, 338
coding (LPC) 65, 198, 227, 330, 350
method 337
linguistic message 373
local maxima 73
log-to-digital (A/D) 143
logarithm 344
logarithmic spectrum 344
long-playing (LP) 94
cepstral coefficients 389
model 152, 153
parameters 153
long-term 153
parametric code 153
loudspeaker enclosure microphone system
(LEMS) 253
low-bit audio coding 83
low-order AR models 80
lowpass
filtering 26
reverberation filters 25
M
Markov model 313
MATLAB 25
matrix quantization (MQ) 379
maximum a posteriori (MAP) 101, 359
mean opinion score (MOS) 178
value 180
mean square consistency 194
mean squared error (MSE) 142, 227, 253
measure analysis 371
minimum-distance decoder 148
misadjustment 194
model
-based detectors 111
language 366
parameters 101
modified discrete cosine transform
(MDCT) 149
modulated complex lapped transform
(MCLT) 170
modulation 409
monosyllabic words 363
morph 84
mother-wavelet 121
moving-average autoregressive (ARMA)
74
MPEG
-1 psychoacoustic model 174
audio compression 140
compression 139
MQ codebooks 379
multi-band excitation (MBE) 13
multi-resolution singular value decomposition
(MSVD) 386
multimedia
data 137
design 415
multiple
echo filtering 35
echo filters 25
transcoding 180
multipulse excited (MPE) 10
mutually independent 195
N
natural
reverberation 53
sound recognition 17
Newton
-like algorithm 204
-type algorithm 202
algorithm 195
Neyman-Pearson paradigm 135
non-decimated filterbank 58
non-linear network 314
non-parametric 74
signal 120
normalization 257
normalized
digital frequencies 28
least mean square (NLMS) 235
version 190
Nyquist frequency 84
O
objective
function 192
testing method 179
optimization method 192
optimum Wiener solution 237
orthogonal 194
orthogonalized ANC 305
output-error (OE) 190
algorithm 212
P
packet losses 180
parabolic interpolation 69, 72
parameter
-based algorithms 179
estimation 71
parametric
audio coding 87
representation 83
watermarking 153
parent node 395
PARSHL program 75
peaking filters 45
peak parameters 67
percentage of correctly extracted watermark
bit (PCEW) 181
perceptual
evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) 179
algorithm 180
linear prediction analysis (PLP) 331
model 179
personal identification number (PIN) 319
phase vocoder 58
phonetic-based system 328
pitch 373
-based extended AR model 113
dynamics 373
synchronous overlap and add (PSOLA)
algorithm 155
polynomial filtering 102
post-masking 174
posteriori 120, 359
power spectral density 28
pre-echo phenomenon 63
pre-masking 174
preamplifier 289
Presentation 419
primitives 375
priori 106, 120, 200
probability density function (pdf) 13
protocol attacks 144, 168
pseudo
-noise (PN) 139
-random noise (PN) 181
psychoacoustical mask 174
psychoacoustic auditory model 139, 141
psychoacoustics 57
Q
quantization
index modulation (QIM) 145, 147
scale (QS) 181
quantized-data algorithms 204
R
re-synthesized signal 84
real life audio signals 62
recording/reproduction techniques 94
recursive least squares (RLS) 190, 205
algorithm 191
regular pulse excited (RPE) 10
code 11
render inharmonic 84
reverb 30
reverberation
filters 25, 42
time 24
rhythm 409
robust 134
bit-stream watermarking 145
S
SAR algorithm 275
SBD-ANC scheme 305
scanners 1, 22, 56, 93, 132, 225, 309
, 371
security 165
segmental CWR 142
segment durations 373
set-membership variation 190
shelving filters 45
short-term total energy function (STTEF)
365
short-time
fourier transform (STFT) 71
sinusoid 120
spectral attenuation (STSA) 116
-based de-hisser 119
signal
-based algorithms 179
-to-noise ratio (S/N) 107, 252
quality 140
segmentation 59
simple hyperstable algorithm for recursive
filters (SHARF) 213
single echo filter 25
sinusoidal
modeling 56, 81, 111
parameters 80
sinusoids
+noise synthesis scheme 81
smart acoustic room (SAR)
225, 227, 269
social agents 415
sound source separation 83
speaker
classifiers 371
model 378
recognition system 311
spectrograms 373
speech
/audio signals 136
quality evaluation 185
signal 35, 227, 248
preprocessing 374
spread spectrum (SS) 145
signaling 152
watermarking 145
statistical models 331
stegosignal 133
fidelity 139
stirmark benchmark for audio (SBMA)
168
stochastic
framework 359
model simplifications 360
sub-band
adaptive 205
methods 111
syllabic
-based system 328
units 329
synthesis
filters 10, 13
methods 87
systemic processes 134
T
temporal domain based algorithm 184
three-syllabic words 363
time
-scale modifications 83
domain adaptive filter (TDAF) 245
Toeplitz matrix 264
transaction tracking 138
transform
-domain 205
LMS 205
encryption coding (TEC) 149
transmission error 180
triangular window technique 69
two
-pass split window (TPSW) 66, 102
-based estimate 105
filtering procedure 103
-syllabic words 363
one-directional channels 2
V
vanishing track 75
variable delay 180
vector
codebooks 311
quantization (VQ) 379, 382
speaker model 379
quantizer codebook 12
virtual humans 414
VLSI technology 2
voice over internet protocol (VoIP) 179
vowels 409
VQ
-based classifier 380
model 379
W
watermark 143
algorithms 132
applications 132, 138
detector 166
embedding 182
literature 133
robustness 132
sequence 143
signal 144
fidelity 132
techniques 136
waveform
codecs 180
substitution schemes 111
wavelet
Markov model (WMM) 396
neural network (WNN) 378
transform (WT) 386
WECLMS algorithm 267
weighted least-squares (WLS) 205
white noise 120